Discovery BoxIsaiah 1:24 
Context1:24 Therefore, the sovereign Lord who commands armies, 1
the powerful ruler of Israel, 2 says this:
“Ah, I will seek vengeance 3 against my adversaries,
I will take revenge against my enemies. 4
Isaiah 27:1
Context27:1 At that time 5 the Lord will punish
with his destructive, 6 great, and powerful sword
Leviathan the fast-moving 7 serpent,
Leviathan the squirming serpent;
he will kill the sea monster. 8
Isaiah 28:2
Context28:2 Look, the sovereign master 9 sends a strong, powerful one. 10
With the force of a hailstorm or a destructive windstorm, 11
with the might of a driving, torrential rainstorm, 12
he will knock that crown 13 to the ground with his hand. 14
Isaiah 60:16
Context60:16 You will drink the milk of nations;
you will nurse at the breasts of kings. 15
Then you will recognize that I, the Lord, am your deliverer,
1 tn Heb “the master, the Lord who commands armies [traditionally, the Lord of hosts].” On the title “the Lord who commands armies,” see the note at v. 9.
2 tn Heb “the powerful [one] of Israel.”
3 tn Heb “console myself” (i.e., by getting revenge); NRSV “pour out my wrath on.”
4 sn The Lord here identifies with the oppressed and comes as their defender and vindicator.
5 tn Heb “in that day” (so KJV).
6 tn Heb “hard, severe”; cf. NAB, NRSV “cruel”; KJV “sore”; NLT “terrible.”
7 tn Heb “fleeing” (so NAB, NASB, NRSV). Some translate “slippery” or “slithering.”
8 tn The description of Leviathan should be compared with the following excerpts from Ugaritic mythological texts: (1) “Was not the dragon (Ugaritic tnn, cognate with Hebrew תַנִּין [tannin, translated “sea monster” here]) vanquished and captured? I did destroy the wriggling (Ugaritic ’qltn, cognate to Hebrew עֲקַלָּתוֹן [’aqallaton, translated “squirming” here]) serpent, the tyrant with seven heads (cf. Ps 74:14).” (See CTA 3 iii 38-39.) (2) “for all that you smote Leviathan the slippery (Ugaritic brh, cognate to Hebrew בָּרִחַ [bariakh, translated “fast-moving” here]) serpent, [and] made an end of the wriggling serpent, the tyrant with seven heads” (See CTA 5 i 1-3.)
sn In the Ugaritic mythological texts Leviathan is a sea creature that symbolizes the destructive water of the sea and in turn the forces of chaos that threaten the established order. Isaiah here applies imagery from Canaanite mythology to Yahweh’s eschatological victory over his enemies. Elsewhere in the OT, the battle with the sea motif is applied to Yahweh’s victories over the forces of chaos at creation and in history (cf. Pss 74:13-14; 77:16-20; 89:9-10; Isa 51:9-10). Yahweh’s subjugation of the chaos waters is related to His kingship (cf. Pss 29:3, 10; 93:3-4). Apocalyptic literature employs the imagery as well. The beasts of Dan 7 emerge from the sea, while Rev 13 speaks of a seven-headed beast coming from the sea.
9 tn The Hebrew term translated “sovereign master” here and in vv. 16, 22 is אֲדֹנָי (’adonay).
10 tn Heb “Look, a strong and powerful [one] belongs to the Lord.”
11 tn Heb “like a rainstorm of hail, a wind of destruction.”
12 tn Heb “like a rainstorm of mighty, overflowing waters.”
13 tn The words “that crown” are supplied in the translation for clarification. The object of the verb is unexpressed in the Hebrew text.
14 tn Or “by [his] power.”
15 sn The nations and kings are depicted as a mother nursing her children. Restored Zion will be nourished by them as she receives their wealth as tribute.
16 tn Or “redeemer.” See the note at 41:14.
17 sn See 1:24 and 49:26.
