Discovery BoxGenesis 7:23 
Context7:23 So the Lord 1 destroyed 2 every living thing that was on the surface of the ground, including people, animals, creatures that creep along the ground, and birds of the sky. 3 They were wiped off the earth. Only Noah and those who were with him in the ark survived. 4
Genesis 18:28
Context18:28 what if there are five less than the fifty godly people? Will you destroy 5 the whole city because five are lacking?” 6 He replied, “I will not destroy it if I find forty-five there.”
Genesis 48:16
Context48:16 the Angel 7 who has protected me 8
from all harm –
bless these boys.
May my name be named in them, 9
and the name of my fathers Abraham and Isaac.
May they grow into a multitude on the earth.”
1 tn Heb “and he”; the referent (the
2 tn Heb “wiped away” (cf. NRSV “blotted out”).
3 tn Heb “from man to animal to creeping thing and to the bird of the sky.”
4 tn The Hebrew verb שָׁאָר (sha’ar) means “to be left over; to survive” in the Niphal verb stem. It is the word used in later biblical texts for the remnant that escapes judgment. See G. F. Hasel, “Semantic Values of Derivatives of the Hebrew Root só’r,” AUSS 11 (1973): 152-69.
5 tn The Hebrew verb שָׁחַת (shakhat, “to destroy”) was used earlier to describe the effect of the flood.
6 tn Heb “because of five.”
7 sn The Samaritan Pentateuch reads “king” here, but the traditional reading (“angel”) may be maintained. Jacob closely associates God with an angelic protective presence. This does not mean that Jacob viewed his God as a mere angel, but it does suggest that he was aware of an angelic presence sent by God to protect him. Here he so closely associates the two that they become virtually indistinguishable. In this culture messengers typically carried the authority of the one who sent them and could even be addressed as such. Perhaps Jacob thought that the divine blessing would be mediated through this angelic messenger.
8 tn The verb גָּאַל (ga’al) has the basic idea of “protect” as a near relative might do. It is used for buying someone out of bondage, marrying a deceased brother’s widow, paying off debts, avenging the family, and the like. The meanings of “deliver, protect, avenge” are most fitting when God is the subject (see A. R. Johnson, “The Primary Meaning of √גאל,” Congress Volume: Copenhagen, 1953 [VTSup], 67-77).
9 tn Or “be recalled through them.”
