Discovery BoxGenesis 2:19 
Context2:19 The Lord God formed 1 out of the ground every living animal of the field and every bird of the air. He brought them to the man to see what he would 2 name them, and whatever the man called each living creature, that was its name.
Genesis 4:15
Context4:15 But the Lord said to him, “All right then, 3 if anyone kills Cain, Cain will be avenged seven times as much.” 4 Then the Lord put a special mark 5 on Cain so that no one who found him would strike him down. 6
Genesis 20:9
Context20:9 Abimelech summoned Abraham and said to him, “What have you done to us? What sin did I commit against you that would cause you to bring such great guilt on me and my kingdom? 7 You have done things to me that should not be done!” 8
Genesis 30:15
Context30:15 But Leah replied, 9 “Wasn’t it enough that you’ve taken away my husband? Would you take away my son’s mandrakes too?” “All right,” 10 Rachel said, “he may sleep 11 with you tonight in exchange for your son’s mandrakes.”
Genesis 31:42
Context31:42 If the God of my father – the God of Abraham, the one whom Isaac fears 12 – had not been with me, you would certainly have sent me away empty-handed! But God saw how I was oppressed and how hard I worked, 13 and he rebuked you last night.”
Genesis 43:7
Context43:7 They replied, “The man questioned us 14 thoroughly 15 about ourselves and our family, saying, ‘Is your father still alive? Do you have another brother?’ 16 So we answered him in this way. 17 How could we possibly know 18 that he would say, 19 ‘Bring your brother down’?”
1 tn Or “fashioned.” To harmonize the order of events with the chronology of chapter one, some translate the prefixed verb form with vav (ו) consecutive as a past perfect (“had formed,” cf. NIV) here. (In chapter one the creation of the animals preceded the creation of man; here the animals are created after the man.) However, it is unlikely that the Hebrew construction can be translated in this way in the middle of this pericope, for the criteria for unmarked temporal overlay are not present here. See S. R. Driver, A Treatise on the Use of the Tenses in Hebrew, 84-88, and especially R. Buth, “Methodological Collision between Source Criticism and Discourse Analysis,” Biblical Hebrew and Discourse Linguistics, 138-54. For a contrary viewpoint see IBHS 552-53 §33.2.3 and C. J. Collins, “The Wayyiqtol as ‘Pluperfect’: When and Why,” TynBul 46 (1995): 117-40.
2 tn The imperfect verb form is future from the perspective of the past time narrative.
3 tn The Hebrew term לָכֵן (lakhen, “therefore”) in this context carries the sense of “Okay,” or “in that case then I will do this.”
4 sn The symbolic number seven is used here to emphasize that the offender will receive severe punishment. For other rhetorical and hyperbolic uses of the expression “seven times over,” see Pss 12:6; 79:12; Prov 6:31; Isa 30:26.
5 tn Heb “sign”; “reminder.” The term “sign” is not used in the translation because it might imply to an English reader that God hung a sign on Cain. The text does not identify what the “sign” was. It must have been some outward, visual reminder of Cain’s special protected status.
6 sn God becomes Cain’s protector. Here is common grace – Cain and his community will live on under God’s care, but without salvation.
7 tn Heb “How did I sin against you that you have brought on me and on my kingdom a great sin?” The expression “great sin” refers to adultery. For discussion of the cultural background of the passage, see J. J. Rabinowitz, “The Great Sin in Ancient Egyptian Marriage Contracts,” JNES 18 (1959): 73, and W. L. Moran, “The Scandal of the ‘Great Sin’ at Ugarit,” JNES 18 (1959): 280-81.
8 tn Heb “Deeds which should not be done you have done to me.” The imperfect has an obligatory nuance here.
9 tn Heb “and she said to her”; the referent of the pronoun “she” (Leah) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
10 tn Heb “therefore.”
11 tn Heb “lie down.” The expression “lie down with” in this context (here and in the following verse) refers to sexual intercourse. The imperfect verbal form has a permissive nuance here.
12 tn Heb “the fear of Isaac,” that is, the one whom Isaac feared and respected. For further discussion of this title see M. Malul, “More on pahad yitschaq (Gen. 31:42,53) and the Oath by the Thigh,” VT 35 (1985): 192-200.
13 tn Heb “My oppression and the work of my hands God saw.”
14 tn The word “us” has been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
15 tn The infinitive absolute with the perfect verbal form emphasizes that Joseph questioned them thoroughly.
16 sn The report given here concerning Joseph’s interrogation does not exactly match the previous account where they supplied the information to clear themselves (see 42:13). This section may reflect how they remembered the impact of his interrogation, whether he asked the specific questions or not. That may be twisting the truth to protect themselves, not wanting to admit that they volunteered the information. (They admitted as much in 42:31, but now they seem to be qualifying that comment.) On the other hand, when speaking to Joseph later (see 44:19), Judah claims that Joseph asked for the information about their family, making it possible that 42:13 leaves out some of the details of their first encounter.
17 tn Heb “and we told to him according to these words.”
18 tn The infinitive absolute emphasizes the imperfect verbal form, which here is a historic future (that is, future from the perspective of a past time).
19 tn Once again the imperfect verbal form is used as a historic future (that is, future from the perspective of past time).
