¹ tn The preposition לְ (lamed) introduces the agent after the passive participle.

² tn Some translate “possessor of heaven and earth” (cf. NASB). But cognate evidence from Ugaritic indicates that there were two homonymic roots ָקנָה (qanah), one meaning “to create” (as in Gen 4:1) and the other “to obtain, to acquire, to possess.” While “possessor” would fit here, “creator” is the more likely due to the collocation with “heaven and earth.”

³ tn The terms translated “heaven” and “earth” are both objective genitives after the participle in construct.

⁴ tn Abram takes an oath, raising his hand as a solemn gesture. The translation understands the perfect tense as having an instantaneous nuance: “Here and now I raise my hand.”

⁵ tn The words “and vow” are not in the Hebrew text, but are supplied in the translation for clarification.