Discovery BoxExodus 14:5-9 
Context14:5 When it was reported 1 to the king of Egypt that the people had fled, 2 the heart of Pharaoh and his servants was turned against the people, and the king and his servants said, 3 “What in the world have we done? 4 For we have released the people of Israel 5 from serving us!” 14:6 Then he prepared 6 his chariots and took his army 7 with him. 14:7 He took six hundred select 8 chariots, and all the rest of the chariots of Egypt, 9 and officers 10 on all of them.
14:8 But the Lord hardened the heart of Pharaoh king of Egypt, and he chased after the Israelites. Now the Israelites were going out defiantly. 11 14:9 The Egyptians chased after them, and all the horses and chariots of Pharaoh and his horsemen and his army overtook them camping by the sea, beside Pi-hahiroth, before Baal-Zephon.
Exodus 14:28
Context14:28 The water returned and covered the chariots and the horsemen and all the army of Pharaoh that was coming after the Israelites into the sea 12 – not so much as one of them survived! 13
1 tn Heb “and it was told.” The present translation uses “reported,” since this involves information given to a superior.
2 tn The verb must be given a past perfect translation because the fleeing occurred before the telling.
3 tn Heb “and they said.” The referent (the king and his servants) is supplied for clarity.
4 tn The question literally is “What is this we have done?” The demonstrative pronoun is used as an enclitic particle for emphasis (R. J. Williams, Hebrew Syntax, 24, §118).
5 tn Heb “released Israel.” By metonymy the name of the nation is used collectively for the people who constitute it (the Israelites).
6 tn Heb “bound.”
7 tn Heb “his people.”
8 tn The passive participle of the verb “to choose” means that these were “choice” or superb chariots.
9 tn Heb “every chariot of Egypt.” After the mention of the best chariots, the meaning of this description is “all the other chariots.”
10 tn The word שָׁלִשִׁם (shalishim) means “officers” or some special kind of military personnel. At one time it was taken to mean a “three man chariot,” but the pictures of Egyptian chariots only show two in a chariot. It may mean officers near the king, “men of the third rank” (B. Jacob, Exodus, 394). So the chariots and the crew represented the elite. See the old view by A. E. Cowley that linked it to a Hittite word (“A Hittite Word in Hebrew,” JTS 21 [1920]: 326), and the more recent work by P. C. Craigie connecting it to Egyptian “commander” (“An Egyptian Expression in the Song of the Sea: Exodus XV.4,” VT 20 [1970]: 85).
11 tn Heb “with a high hand”; the expression means “defiantly,” “boldly,” or “with confidence.” The phrase is usually used for arrogant sin and pride, the defiant fist, as it were. The image of the high hand can also mean the hand raised to deliver a blow (Job 38:15). So the narrative here builds tension between these two resolute forces.
12 tn Heb “that was coming after them into the sea.” The referent of “them” (the Israelites) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
13 tn Heb “not was left among them as much as one.”
