¹ tn Heb “border.”

² tn This is an interpretive translation. The clause simply has כָּבֵד מְאֹד (kaved mÿ’od), the stative verb with the adverb – “it was very heavy.” The description prepares for the following statement about the uniqueness of this locust infestation.

³ tn Heb “after them.”

⁴ tn The use of אַל (’al) with the jussive has the force of “stop fearing.” It is a more immediate negative command than לֹא (lo’) with the imperfect (as in the Decalogue).

⁵ tn The force of this verb in the Hitpael is “to station oneself” or “stand firm” without fleeing.

⁶ tn The form is an imperative with a vav (ו). It could also be rendered “stand firm and you will see” meaning the result, or “stand firm that you may see” meaning the purpose.

⁷ tn Or “victory” (NAB) or “deliverance” (NIV, NRSV).

⁸ tn Heb “do,” i.e., perform or accomplish.

⁹ tn The construction uses a verbal hendiadys consisting of a Hiphil imperfect (“you will not add”) and a Qal infinitive construct with a suffix (“to see them”) – “you will no longer see them.” Then the clause adds “again, for ever.”

sn U. Cassuto (Exodus, 164) notes that the antithetical parallelism between seeing salvation and seeing the Egyptians, as well as the threefold repetition of the word “see” cannot be accidental; so too the alliteration of the last three words beginning with ayin (ע).

¹⁰ tn Now the perfect tense with vav consecutive is subordinated to the next clause, “Moses returned the veil….”

¹¹ tn Verbs of seeing often take two accusatives. Here, the second is the noun clause explaining what it was about the face that they saw.

¹² tn Heb “with him”; the referent (the Lord) has been specified in the translation for clarity.