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Exodus 1:14

Context
1:14 They made their lives bitter¹ by² hard service with mortar and bricks and by all kinds of service³ in the fields. Every kind of service the Israelites were required to give was rigorous.⁴

¹sn The verb מָרַר (marar) anticipates the introduction of the theme of bitterness in the instructions for the Passover.

²tn The preposition bet (ב) in this verse has the instrumental use: “by means of” (see GKC 380 §119.o).

³tn Heb “and in all service.”

⁴tn The line could be more literally translated, “All their service in which they served them [was] with rigor.” This takes the referent of בָּהֶם (bahem) to be the Egyptians. The pronoun may also resume the reference to the kinds of service and so not be needed in English: “All their service in which they served [was] with rigor.”

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