1 tn Heb “the Egyptians.” For stylistic reasons this has been replaced by the pronoun “they” in the translation.
2 tn Heb “with rigor, oppression.”
3 sn The verb מָרַר (marar) anticipates the introduction of the theme of bitterness in the instructions for the Passover.
4 tn The preposition bet (ב) in this verse has the instrumental use: “by means of” (see GKC 380 §119.o).
5 tn Heb “and in all service.”
6 tn The line could be more literally translated, “All their service in which they served them [was] with rigor.” This takes the referent of בָּהֶם (bahem) to be the Egyptians. The pronoun may also resume the reference to the kinds of service and so not be needed in English: “All their service in which they served [was] with rigor.”
