Discovery BoxDeuteronomy 1:16 
Context1:16 I furthermore admonished your judges at that time that they 1 should pay attention to issues among your fellow citizens 2 and judge fairly, 3 whether between one citizen and another 4 or a citizen and a resident foreigner. 5
Deuteronomy 3:18
Context3:18 At that time I instructed you as follows: “The Lord your God has given you this land for your possession. You warriors are to cross over before your fellow Israelites 6 equipped for battle.
Deuteronomy 15:7
Context15:7 If a fellow Israelite 7 from one of your villages 8 in the land that the Lord your God is giving you should be poor, you must not harden your heart or be insensitive 9 to his impoverished condition. 10
Deuteronomy 15:11-12
Context15:11 There will never cease to be some poor people in the land; therefore, I am commanding you to make sure you open 11 your hand to your fellow Israelites 12 who are needy and poor in your land.
15:12 If your fellow Hebrew 13 – whether male or female 14 – is sold to you and serves you for six years, then in the seventh year you must let that servant 15 go free. 16
Deuteronomy 17:20
Context17:20 Then he will not exalt himself above his fellow citizens or turn from the commandments to the right or left, and he and his descendants will enjoy many years ruling over his kingdom 17 in Israel.
Deuteronomy 18:18
Context18:18 I will raise up a prophet like you for them from among their fellow Israelites. I will put my words in his mouth and he will speak to them whatever I command.
Deuteronomy 20:8
Context20:8 In addition, the officers are to say to the troops, “Who among you is afraid and fainthearted? He may go home so that he will not make his fellow soldier’s 18 heart as fearful 19 as his own.”
Deuteronomy 23:20
Context23:20 You may lend with interest to a foreigner, but not to your fellow Israelite; if you keep this command the Lord your God will bless you in all you undertake in the land you are about to enter to possess.
Deuteronomy 24:7
Context24:7 If a man is found kidnapping a person from among his fellow Israelites, 20 and regards him as mere property 21 and sells him, that kidnapper 22 must die. In this way you will purge 23 evil from among you.
Deuteronomy 24:14
Context24:14 You must not oppress a lowly and poor servant, whether one from among your fellow Israelites 24 or from the resident foreigners who are living in your land and villages. 25
1 tn Or “you.” A number of English versions treat the remainder of this verse and v. 17 as direct discourse rather than indirect discourse (cf. KJV, NAB, NIV, NRSV, NLT).
2 tn Heb “brothers.” The term “brothers” could, in English, be understood to refer to siblings, so “fellow citizens” has been used in the translation.
3 tn The Hebrew word צֶדֶק (tsedeq, “fairly”) carries the basic idea of conformity to a norm of expected behavior or character, one established by God himself. Fair judgment adheres strictly to that norm or standard (see D. Reimer, NIDOTTE 3:750).
4 tn Heb “between a man and his brother.”
5 tn Heb “his stranger” or “his sojourner”; NAB, NIV “an alien”; NRSV “resident alien.” The Hebrew word גֵּר (ger) commonly means “foreigner.”
6 tn Heb “your brothers, the sons of Israel.”
7 tn Heb “one of your brothers” (so NASB); NAB “one of your kinsmen”; NRSV “a member of your community.” See the note at v. 2.
8 tn Heb “gates.”
9 tn Heb “withdraw your hand.” Cf. NIV “hardhearted or tightfisted” (NRSV and NLT similar).
10 tn Heb “from your needy brother.”
11 tn The Hebrew text uses the infinitive absolute for emphasis, which the translation indicates with “make sure.”
12 tn Heb “your brother.”
13 sn Elsewhere in the OT, the Israelites are called “Hebrews” (עִבְרִי, ’ivriy) by outsiders, rarely by themselves (cf. Gen 14:13; 39:14, 17; 41:12; Exod 1:15, 16, 19; 2:6, 7, 11, 13; 1 Sam 4:6; Jonah 1:9). Thus, here and in the parallel passage in Exod 21:2-6 the term עִבְרִי may designate non-Israelites, specifically a people well-known throughout the ancient Near East as ’apiru or habiru. They lived a rather vagabond lifestyle, frequently hiring themselves out as laborers or mercenary soldiers. While accounting nicely for the surprising use of the term here in an Israelite law code, the suggestion has against it the unlikelihood that a set of laws would address such a marginal people so specifically (as opposed to simply calling them aliens or the like). More likely עִבְרִי is chosen as a term to remind Israel that when they were “Hebrews,” that is, when they were in Egypt, they were slaves. Now that they are free they must not keep their fellow Israelites in economic bondage. See v. 15.
14 tn Heb “your brother, a Hebrew (male) or Hebrew (female).”
15 tn Heb “him.” The singular pronoun occurs throughout the passage.
16 tn The Hebrew text includes “from you.”
17 tc Heb “upon his kingship.” Smr supplies כִּסֵא (kise’, “throne”) so as to read “upon the throne of his kingship.” This overliteralizes what is a clearly understood figure of speech.
18 tn Heb “his brother’s.”
19 tn Heb “melted.”
20 tn Heb “from his brothers, from the sons of Israel.” The terms “brothers” and “sons of Israel” are in apposition; the second defines the first more specifically.
21 tn Or “and enslaves him.”
22 tn Heb “that thief.”
23 tn Heb “burn.” See note on the word “purge” in Deut 19:19.
24 tn Heb “your brothers,” but not limited only to actual siblings; cf. NASB “your (+ own NAB) countrymen.”
25 tn Heb “who are in your land in your gates.” The word “living” is supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
