¹ tn Heb “arms.”

² tc The present translation reads הִשָּׁטֹף (hishatof), Niphal infinitive absolute of שָׁטַף (shataf, “to overflow”), for the MT הַשֶּׁטֶף (hashetef, “flood”).

³ tn The words “in defeat” are added in the translation for clarification.

⁴ tn Heb “a prince of the covenant.”

⁵ tn Heb “broken” or “shattered.”

⁶ sn The name Kittim has various designations in extra-biblical literature. It can refer to a location on the island of Cyprus, or more generally to the island itself, or it can be an inclusive term to refer to parts of the Mediterranean world that lay west of the Middle East (e.g., Rome). For ships of Kittim the Greek OT (LXX) has “Romans,” an interpretation followed by a few English versions (e.g., TEV). A number of times in the Dead Sea Scrolls the word is used in reference to the Romans. Other English versions are more generic: “[ships] of the western coastlands” (NIV, NLT); “from the west” (NCV, CEV).

⁷ sn This is apparently a reference to the Roman forces, led by Gaius Popilius Laenas, which confronted Antiochus when he came to Egypt and demanded that he withdraw or face the wrath of Rome. Antiochus wisely withdrew from Egypt, albeit in a state of bitter frustration.

⁸ tn Heb “show regard for.”

⁹ tn Heb “arms.”

¹⁰ tn Heb “the sanctuary, the fortress.”

¹¹ tn Heb “will give.”

¹² tn Or “corrupt.”

¹³ tn Heb “acted wickedly toward.”

¹⁴ tn Heb “know.” The term “know” sometimes means “to recognize.” In relational contexts it can have the connotation “recognize the authority of, be loyal to,” as it does here.

¹⁵ sn This is an allusion to the Maccabean revolt, which struggled to bring about Jewish independence in the second century B.C.