32:13 Jacob 10 stayed there that night. Then he sent 11 as a gift 12 to his brother Esau 32:14 two hundred female goats and twenty male goats, two hundred ewes and twenty rams, 32:15 thirty female camels with their young, forty cows and ten bulls, and twenty female donkeys and ten male donkeys. 32:16 He entrusted them to 13 his servants, who divided them into herds. 14 He told his servants, “Pass over before me, and keep some distance between one herd and the next.” 32:17 He instructed the servant leading the first herd, 15 “When my brother Esau meets you and asks, ‘To whom do you belong? 16 Where are you going? Whose herds are you driving?’ 17 32:18 then you must say, 18 ‘They belong 19 to your servant Jacob. 20 They have been sent as a gift to my lord Esau. 21 In fact Jacob himself is behind us.’” 22
32:19 He also gave these instructions to the second and third servants, as well as all those who were following the herds, saying, “You must say the same thing to Esau when you meet him. 23 32:20 You must also say, ‘In fact your servant Jacob is behind us.’” 24 Jacob thought, 25 “I will first appease him 26 by sending a gift ahead of me. 27 After that I will meet him. 28 Perhaps he will accept me.” 29 32:21 So the gifts were sent on ahead of him 30 while he spent that night in the camp. 31
32:22 During the night Jacob quickly took 32 his two wives, his two female servants, and his eleven sons 33 and crossed the ford of the Jabbok. 34 32:23 He took them and sent them across the stream along with all his possessions. 35 32:24 So Jacob was left alone. Then a man 36 wrestled 37 with him until daybreak. 38 32:25 When the man 39 saw that he could not defeat Jacob, 40 he struck 41 the socket of his hip so the socket of Jacob’s hip was dislocated while he wrestled with him.
32:26 Then the man 42 said, “Let me go, for the dawn is breaking.” 43 “I will not let you go,” Jacob replied, 44 “unless you bless me.” 45 32:27 The man asked him, 46 “What is your name?” 47 He answered, “Jacob.” 32:28 “No longer will your name be Jacob,” the man told him, 48 “but Israel, 49 because you have fought 50 with God and with men and have prevailed.”
1 tn The imperative has the force of a prayer here, not a command.
2 tn The “hand” here is a metonymy for “power.”
3 tn Heb “from the hand of my brother, from the hand of Esau.”
4 tn Heb “for I am afraid of him, lest he come.”
5 sn Heb “me, [the] mother upon [the] sons.” The first person pronoun “me” probably means here “me and mine,” as the following clause suggests.
6 tn Heb “But you, you said.” One of the occurrences of the pronoun “you” has been left untranslated for stylistic reasons.
sn Some commentators have thought this final verse of the prayer redundant, but it actually follows the predominant form of a lament in which God is motivated to act. The primary motivation Jacob can offer to God is God’s promise, and so he falls back on that at the end of the prayer.
7 tn Or “will certainly deal well with you.” The infinitive absolute appears before the imperfect, underscoring God’s promise to bless. The statement is more emphatic than in v. 9.
8 tn The form is the perfect tense with a vav (ו) consecutive, carrying the nuance of the preceding verb forward.
9 tn Heb “which cannot be counted because of abundance.” The imperfect verbal form indicates potential here.
10 tn Heb “and he”; the referent (Jacob) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
11 tn Heb “and he took from that which was going into his hand,” meaning that he took some of what belonged to him.
12 sn The Hebrew noun translated gift can in some contexts refer to the tribute paid by a subject to his lord. Such a nuance is possible here, because Jacob refers to Esau as his lord and to himself as Esau’s servant (v. 4).
13 tn Heb “and he put them in the hand of.”
14 tn Heb “a herd, a herd, by itself,” or “each herd by itself.” The distributive sense is expressed by repetition.
15 tn Heb “the first”; this has been specified as “the servant leading the first herd” in the translation for clarity.
16 tn Heb “to whom are you?”
17 tn Heb “and to whom are these before you?”
18 tn The form is the perfect tense with the vav (ו) consecutive; it has the nuance of an imperfect of instruction.
19 tn The words “they belong” have been supplied in the translation for stylistic reasons.
20 tn Heb “to your servant, to Jacob.”
21 tn Heb “to my lord, to Esau.”
22 tn Heb “and look, also he [is] behind us.” The referent of the pronoun “he” (Jacob) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
23 tn Heb “And he commanded also the second, also the third, also all the ones going after the herds, saying: ‘According to this word you will speak when you find him.’”
24 tn Heb “and look, your servant Jacob [is] behind us.”
25 tn Heb “for he said.” The referent (Jacob) has been specified in the translation for clarity. The Hebrew word מַקֵל (maqel), traditionally represents Jacob’s thought or reasoning, and is therefore translated “thought.”
26 tn Heb “I will appease his face.” The cohortative here expresses Jacob’s resolve. In the Book of Leviticus the Hebrew verb translated “appease” has the idea of removing anger due to sin or guilt, a nuance that fits this passage very well. Jacob wanted to buy Esau off with a gift of more than five hundred and fifty animals.
27 tn Heb “with a gift going before me.”
28 tn Heb “I will see his face.”
29 tn Heb “Perhaps he will lift up my face.” In this context the idiom refers to acceptance.
30 tn Heb “and the gift passed over upon his face.”
31 tn The disjunctive clause is circumstantial/temporal.
32 tn Heb “and he arose in that night and he took.” The first verb is adverbial, indicating that he carried out the crossing right away.
33 tn The Hebrew term used here is יֶלֶד (yeled) which typically describes male offspring. Some translations render the term “children” but this is a problem because by this time Jacob had twelve children in all, including one daughter, Dinah, born to Leah (Gen 30:21). Benjamin, his twelfth son and thirteenth child, was not born until later (Gen 35:16-19).
34 sn Hebrew narrative style often includes a summary statement of the whole passage followed by a more detailed report of the event. Here v. 22 is the summary statement, while v. 23 begins the detailed account.
35 tn Heb “and he sent across what he had.”
36 sn Reflecting Jacob’s perspective at the beginning of the encounter, the narrator calls the opponent simply “a man.” Not until later in the struggle does Jacob realize his true identity.
37 sn The verb translated “wrestled” (וַיֵּאָבֵק, vayye’aveq) sounds in Hebrew like the names “Jacob” (יַעֲקֹב, ya’aqov) and “Jabbok” (יַבֹּק, yabboq). In this way the narrator links the setting, the main action, and the main participant together in the mind of the reader or hearer.
38 tn Heb “until the rising of the dawn.”
39 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the man) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
40 tn Heb “him”; the referent (Jacob) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
41 tn Or “injured”; traditionally “touched.” The Hebrew verb translated “struck” has the primary meanings “to touch; to reach; to strike.” It can, however, carry the connotation “to harm; to molest; to injure.” God’s “touch” cripples Jacob – it would be comparable to a devastating blow.
42 tn Heb “he”; the referent (the man) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
43 tn Heb “dawn has arisen.”
44 tn Heb “and he said, ‘I will not let you go.’” The referent of the pronoun “he” (Jacob) has been specified for clarity, and the order of the introductory clause and the direct discourse has been rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.
45 sn Jacob wrestled with a man thinking him to be a mere man, and on that basis was equal to the task. But when it had gone on long enough, the night visitor touched Jacob and crippled him. Jacob’s request for a blessing can only mean that he now knew that his opponent was supernatural. Contrary to many allegorical interpretations of the passage that make fighting equivalent to prayer, this passage shows that Jacob stopped fighting, and then asked for a blessing.
46 tn Heb “and he said to him.” The referent of the pronoun “he” (the man who wrestled with Jacob) has been specified in the translation for clarity.
47 sn What is your name? The question is rhetorical, since the
48 tn Heb “and he said.” The referent of the pronoun “he” (the man who wrestled with Jacob) has been specified for clarity, and the order of the introductory clause and the direct discourse has been rearranged in the translation for stylistic reasons.
49 sn The name Israel is a common construction, using a verb with a theophoric element (אֵל, ’el) that usually indicates the subject of the verb. Here it means “God fights.” This name will replace the name Jacob; it will be both a promise and a call for faith. In essence, the
50 sn You have fought. The explanation of the name Israel includes a sound play. In Hebrew the verb translated “you have fought” (שָׂרִיתָ, sarita) sounds like the name “Israel” (יִשְׂרָאֵל, yisra’el ), meaning “God fights” (although some interpret the meaning as “he fights [with] God”). The name would evoke the memory of the fight and what it meant. A. Dillmann says that ever after this the name would tell the Israelites that, when Jacob contended successfully with God, he won the battle with man (Genesis, 2:279). To be successful with God meant that he had to be crippled in his own self-sufficiency (A. P. Ross, “Jacob at the Jabboq, Israel at Peniel,” BSac 142 [1985]: 51-62).