Romans 9:11-18

9:11 even before they were born or had done anything good or bad (so that God’s purpose in election 1  would stand, not by works but by 2  his calling) 3  – 9:12 4  it was said to her, “The older will serve the younger,” 5  9:13 just as it is written: “Jacob I loved, but Esau I hated.” 6 

9:14 What shall we say then? Is there injustice with God? Absolutely not! 9:15 For he says to Moses: “I will have mercy on whom I have mercy, and I will have compassion on whom I have compassion.” 7  9:16 So then, 8  it does not depend on human desire or exertion, 9  but on God who shows mercy. 9:17 For the scripture says to Pharaoh: 10  “For this very purpose I have raised you up, that I may demonstrate my power in you, and that my name may be proclaimed in all the earth.” 11  9:18 So then, 12  God 13  has mercy on whom he chooses to have mercy, and he hardens whom he chooses to harden. 14 

1 tn Grk “God’s purpose according to election.”

2 tn Or “not based on works but based on…”

3 tn Grk “by the one who calls.”

sn The entire clause is something of a parenthetical remark.

4 sn Many translations place this verse division before the phrase “not by works but by his calling” (NA27/UBS4, NIV, NRSV, NLT, NAB). Other translations place this verse division in the same place that the translation above does (NASB, KJV, NKJV, ASV, RSV). The translation has followed the latter to avoid breaking the parenthetical statement.

5 sn A quotation from Gen 25:23.

6 sn A quotation from Mal 1:2-3.

7 sn A quotation from Exod 33:19.

8 sn There is a double connective here that cannot be easily preserved in English: “consequently therefore,” emphasizing the conclusion of what he has been arguing.

9 tn Grk “So then, [it does] not [depend] on the one who desires nor on the one who runs.”

10 sn Paul uses a typical rabbinic formula here in which the OT scriptures are figuratively portrayed as speaking to Pharaoh. What he means is that the scripture he cites refers (or can be applied) to Pharaoh.

11 sn A quotation from Exod 9:16.

12 sn There is a double connective here that cannot be easily preserved in English: “consequently therefore,” emphasizing the conclusion of what he has been arguing.

13 tn Grk “he”; the referent (God) has been specified in the translation for clarity.

14 tn Grk “So then, he has mercy on whom he desires, and he hardens whom he desires.”