Ezekiel 38:2-3

38:2 “Son of man, turn toward 1  Gog, 2  of the land of Magog, 3  the chief prince of Meshech and Tubal. 4  Prophesy against him 38:3 and say: ‘This is what the sovereign Lord says: Look, 5  I am against you, Gog, chief prince of Meshech and Tubal.

Ezekiel 38:16

38:16 You will advance 6  against my people Israel like a cloud covering the earth. In the latter days I will bring you against my land so that the nations may acknowledge me, when before their eyes I magnify myself 7  through you, O Gog.

Ezekiel 38:18

38:18 On that day, when Gog invades 8  the land of Israel, declares the sovereign Lord, my rage will mount up in my anger.

1 tn Heb “set your face against.”

2 sn This may refer to a Lydian king in western Asia Minor in the seventh century b.c. Apart from Ezek 38-39, the only other biblical reference to this king/nation is in Rev 20:8. For a study of the names appearing in this verse, see E. Yamauchi, Foes From the Northern Frontier, 19-27.

3 sn One of the sons of Japheth according to Gen 10:2; 1 Chr 1:5.

4 tn Heb “the prince, the chief of Meshech and Tubal.” Some translate “the prince of Rosh, Meshech and Tubal,” but it is more likely that the Hebrew noun in question is a common noun in apposition to “prince,” rather than a proper name. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 2:434-35. As Block demonstrates, attempts by some popular writers to identify these proper names with later geographical sites in Russia are anachronistic. See as well E. Yamauchi, Foes From the Northern Frontier, 19-27.

sn Meshech and Tubal were two nations in Cappadocia of Asia Minor. They were also sons of Japheth (Gen 10:2; 1 Chr 1:5).

5 tn Or “I challenge you.” The phrase “I am against you” may be a formula for challenging someone to combat or a duel. See D. I. Block, Ezekiel (NICOT), 1:201-2, and P. Humbert, “Die Herausforderungsformel ‘h!nn#n' ?l?K>,’” ZAW 45 (1933): 101-8.

6 tn Heb “come up.”

7 tn Or “reveal my holiness.”

8 tn Heb “goes up against.”