1 tn Grk “hardness.” Concerning this imagery, see Jer 4:4; Ezek 3:7; 1 En. 16:3.
2 tn Grk “in the day of wrath and revelation of the righteous judgment of God.”
3 tn Grk “having now been declared righteous.” The participle δικαιωθέντες (dikaiwqente") has been translated as a causal adverbial participle.
4 tn Or, according to BDF §219.3, “at the price of his blood.”
5 tn Grk “the wrath,” referring to God’s wrath as v. 10 shows.
6 sn He refers to God here; Paul has not specifically identified him for the sake of rhetorical power (for by leaving the subject slightly ambiguous, he draws his audience into seeing God’s hand in places where he is not explicitly mentioned).
7 tn Grk “he,” or “it”; the referent (the Spirit) has been specified in the translation for clarity.