1 tn The expression πῶς εἴληφας καὶ ἤκουσας (pw" eilhfa" kai hkousa") probably refers to the initial instruction in the Christian life they had received and been taught; this included doctrine and ethical teaching.
2 tn Grk “keep it,” in the sense of obeying what they had initially been taught.
3 tn The negation here is with οὐ μή (ou mh, the strongest possible form of negation in Koine Greek).
4 tn Or “come on.”
5 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “thus” to indicate the implied result of the bowl poured on the sun.
6 tn Grk “men,” but this is a generic use of ἄνθρωπος (anqrwpo") and refers to both men and women.
7 tn On this phrase BDAG 536 s.v. καῦμα states, “burning, heat Rv 7:16…καυματίζεσθαι κ. μέγα be burned with a scorching heat 16:9.”
8 tn Here καί (kai) has been translated as “yet” to indicate the contrast present in this context.
9 tn For the translation “ruling authority” for ἐξουσία (exousia) see L&N 37.35.
10 tn The word “made” is not in the Greek text but is implied.
11 tn The Greek conjunction καί (kai) has not been translated here or before the following materials in this list, since English normally uses a coordinating conjunction only between the last two elements in a series of three or more.