45:6 Your throne, 1 O God, is permanent. 2
The scepter 3 of your kingdom is a scepter of justice.
103:19 The Lord has established his throne in heaven;
his kingdom extends over everything. 4
105:13 they wandered from nation to nation,
and from one kingdom to another. 5
145:11 They will proclaim the splendor of your kingdom;
they will tell about your power,
145:12 so that mankind 6 might acknowledge your mighty acts,
and the majestic splendor of your kingdom.
1 sn The king’s throne here symbolizes his rule.
2 tn Or “forever and ever.”
sn O God. The king is clearly the addressee here, as in vv. 2-5 and 7-9. Rather than taking the statement at face value, many prefer to emend the text because the concept of deifying the earthly king is foreign to ancient Israelite thinking (cf. NEB “your throne is like God’s throne, eternal”). However, it is preferable to retain the text and take this statement as another instance of the royal hyperbole that permeates the royal psalms. Because the Davidic king is God’s vice-regent on earth, the psalmist addresses him as if he were God incarnate. God energizes the king for battle and accomplishes justice through him. A similar use of hyperbole appears in Isa 9:6, where the ideal Davidic king of the eschaton is given the title “Mighty God” (see the note on this phrase there). Ancient Near Eastern art and literature picture gods training kings for battle, bestowing special weapons, and intervening in battle. According to Egyptian propaganda, the Hittites described Rameses II as follows: “No man is he who is among us, It is Seth great-of-strength, Baal in person; Not deeds of man are these his doings, They are of one who is unique” (see Miriam Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature, 2:67). Ps 45:6 and Isa 9:6 probably envision a similar kind of response when friends and foes alike look at the Davidic king in full battle regalia. When the king’s enemies oppose him on the battlefield, they are, as it were, fighting against God himself.
3 sn The king’s scepter symbolizes his royal authority.
4 tn Heb “his kingdom rules over all.”
5 tn Heb “and from a kingdom to another nation.”
6 tn Heb “the sons of man.”