Galatians 1:15

1:15 But when the one ¹  who set me apart from birth ²  and called me by his grace was pleased

Galatians 2:8

2:8 (for he who empowered ³  Peter for his apostleship ⁴  to the circumcised ⁵  also empowered me for my apostleship to the Gentiles) ⁶ 

Galatians 2:11

Paul Rebukes Peter

2:11 But when Cephas ⁷  came to Antioch, ⁸  I opposed him to his face, because he had clearly done wrong. ⁹ 

Galatians 4:4

4:4 But when the appropriate time ¹⁰  had come, God sent out his Son, born of a woman, born under the law,

Galatians 4:6

4:6 And because you are sons, God sent the Spirit of his Son into our hearts, who calls ¹¹  “Abba! ¹²  Father!”

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¹ tc ‡ Several important witnesses have ὁ θεός (Jo qeos) after εὐδόκησεν (eudokhsen; so א A D Ψ 0278 33 1739 1881 Ï co) while the shorter reading is supported by Ì⁴⁶ B F G 629 1505 pc lat. There is hardly any reason why scribes would omit the words (although the Beatty papyrus and the Western text do at times omit words and phrases), but several reasons why scribes would add the words (especially the need to clarify). The confluence of witnesses for the shorter reading (including a few fathers and versions) adds strong support for its authenticity. It is also in keeping with Paul’s style to refrain from mentioning God by name as a rhetorical device (cf. ExSyn 437 [although this section deals with passive constructions, the principle is the same]). NA²⁷ includes the words in brackets, indicating some doubts as to their authenticity.

² tn Grk “from my mother’s womb.”

³ tn Or “worked through”; the same word is also used in relation to Paul later in this verse.

⁴ tn Or “his ministry as an apostle.”

⁵ tn Grk “to the circumcision,” i.e., the Jewish people.

⁶ tn Grk “also empowered me to the Gentiles.”

⁷ sn Cephas. This individual is generally identified with the Apostle Peter (L&N 93.211).

⁸ map For location see JP1-F2; JP2-F2; JP3-F2; JP4-F2.

⁹ tn Grk “because he stood condemned.”

¹⁰ tn Grk “the fullness of time” (an idiom for the totality of a period of time, with the implication of proper completion; see L&N 67.69).

¹¹ tn Grk “calling.” The participle is neuter indicating that the Spirit is the one who calls.

¹² tn The term “Abba” is the Greek transliteration of the Aramaic אַבָּא (’abba’), literally meaning “my father” but taken over simply as “father,” used in prayer and in the family circle, and later taken over by the early Greek-speaking Christians (BDAG 1 s.v. ἀββα).