25:8 “This is what the sovereign Lord says: ‘Moab 1 and Seir say, “Look, the house of Judah is like all the other nations.”
25:12 “This is what the sovereign Lord says: ‘Edom 2 has taken vengeance against the house of Judah; they have made themselves fully culpable 3 by taking vengeance 4 on them. 5
25:15 “This is what the sovereign Lord says: ‘The Philistines 6 have exacted merciless revenge, 7 showing intense scorn 8 in their effort to destroy Judah 9 with unrelenting hostility. 10
1 sn Moab was located immediately south of Ammon.
2 sn Edom was located south of Moab.
3 tn Heb “and they have become guilty, becoming guilty.” The infinitive absolute following the finite verb makes the statement emphatic and draws attention to the degree of guilt incurred by Edom due to its actions.
4 tn Heb “and they have taken vengeance.”
5 sn Edom apparently in some way assisted in the destruction of Jerusalem in 587/6
6 sn The Philistines inhabited the coastal plain by the Mediterranean Sea, west of Judah.
7 tn Heb “have acted with vengeance and taken vengeance with vengeance.” The repetition emphasizes the degree of vengeance which they exhibited, presumably toward Judah.
8 tn Heb “with scorn in (the) soul.”
9 tn The object is not specified in the Hebrew text, but has been clarified as “Judah” in the translation.
10 tn Heb “to destroy (with) perpetual hostility.” Joel 3:4-8 also speaks of the Philistines taking advantage of the fall of Judah.
11 sn The location is mentioned in Judg 11:33.