Exodus 8:17

8:17 They did so; Aaron extended his hand with his staff, he struck the dust of the ground, and it became gnats on people ¹  and on animals. All the dust of the ground became gnats throughout all the land of Egypt.

Exodus 9:9-10

9:9 It will become fine dust over the whole land of Egypt and will cause boils to break out and fester ²  on both people and animals in all the land of Egypt.” 9:10 So they took soot from a furnace and stood before Pharaoh, Moses threw it into the air, and it caused festering boils to break out on both people and animals.

Exodus 9:25

9:25 The hail struck everything in the open fields, both ³  people and animals, throughout all the land of Egypt. The hail struck everything that grows ⁴  in the field, and it broke all the trees of the field to pieces.

Exodus 11:7

11:7 But against any of the Israelites not even a dog will bark ⁵  against either people or animals, ⁶  so that you may know that the Lord distinguishes ⁷  between Egypt and Israel.’

Exodus 12:21

12:21 Then Moses summoned all the elders of Israel, and told them, “Go and select ⁸  for yourselves a lamb or young goat ⁹  for your families, and kill the Passover animals. ¹⁰ 

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¹ tn Heb “man,” but in the generic sense of “humans” or “people” (also in v. 18).

² tn The word שְׁחִין (shÿkhin) means “boils.” It may be connected to an Arabic cognate that means “to be hot.” The illness is associated with Job (Job 2:7-8) and Hezekiah (Isa 38:21); it has also been connected with other skin diseases described especially in the Law. The word connected with it is אֲבַעְבֻּעֹת (’ava’bu’ot); this means “blisters, pustules” and is sometimes translated as “festering.” The etymology is debated, whether from a word meaning “to swell up” or “to overflow” (W. C. Kaiser, Jr., “Exodus,” EBC 2:359).

³ tn The exact expression is “from man even to beast.” R. J. Williams lists this as an example of the inclusive use of the preposition מִן (min) to be rendered “both…and” (Hebrew Syntax, 57, §327).

⁴ tn Heb “all the cultivated grain of.”

⁵ tn Or perhaps “growl”; Heb “not a dog will sharpen his tongue.” The expression is unusual, but it must indicate that not only would no harm come to the Israelites, but that no unfriendly threat would come against them either – not even so much as a dog barking. It is possible this is to be related to the watchdog (see F. C. Fensham, “Remarks on Keret 114^b – 136^a,” JNSL 11 [1983]: 75).

⁶ tn Heb “against man or beast.”

⁷ tn The verb פָּלָה (palah) in Hiphil means “to set apart, make separate, make distinct.” See also Exod 8:22 (18 HT); 9:4; 33:16.

⁸ tn Heb “draw out and take.” The verb has in view the need “to draw out” a lamb or goat selected from among the rest of the flock.

⁹ tn The Hebrew noun is singular and can refer to either a lamb or a goat. Since English has no common word for both, the phrase “a lamb or young goat” is used in the translation.

¹⁰ tn The word “animals” is added to avoid giving the impression in English that the Passover festival itself is the object of “kill.”