Deuteronomy 32:4

32:4 As for the Rock, his work is perfect,

for all his ways are just.

He is a reliable God who is never unjust,

he is fair and upright.

Deuteronomy 32:31

32:31 For our enemies’ rock is not like our Rock,

as even our enemies concede.


tc The LXX reads Θεός (qeos, “God”) for the MT’s “Rock.”

sn The Hebrew term depicts God as a rocky summit where one may find safety and protection. Within a covenantal context it serves as a reminder to the people that their God has committed himself to their protection in return for their allegiance.

tn Or “just” (KJV, NAB, NRSV, NLT) or “righteous” (NASB).

tn Heb “their,” but the referent (enemies) is specified in the translation for the sake of clarity.